************************
Elementary number theory
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Taking modular powers
=====================

How do I compute modular powers in Sage?

To compute :math:`51^{2006} \pmod{97}` in Sage, type

::

    sage: R = Integers(97)
    sage: a = R(51)
    sage: a^2006
    12

Instead of ``R = Integers(97)`` you can also type
``R = IntegerModRing(97)``. Another option is to use the interface
with GMP:

::

    sage: 51.powermod(99203843984,97)   
    96

.. index:: discrete logs

Discrete logs
=============

To find a number :math:`x` such that
:math:`b^x\equiv a \pmod m` (the discrete log of
:math:`a \pmod m`), you can call 's ``log`` command:

::

    sage: r = Integers(125)
    sage: b = r.multiplicative_generator()^3
    sage: a = b^17
    sage: a.log(b)
    17

This also works over finite fields:

::

    sage: FF = FiniteField(16,"a")
    sage: a = FF.gen()
    sage: c = a^7
    sage: c.log(a)
    7

Prime numbers
=============

How do you construct prime numbers in Sage?

The class ``Primes`` allows for primality testing:

::

    sage: 2^(2^12)+1 in Primes()
    False
    sage: 11 in Primes()
    True

The usage of ``next_prime`` is self-explanatory:

::

    sage: next_prime(2005)
          2011

The Pari command ``primepi`` is used via the command
``pari(x).primepi()``. This returns the number of primes
:math:`\leq x`, for example:

::

    sage: pari(10).primepi()
          4

Using ``primes_first_n`` or ``primes`` one can check that, indeed,
there are :math:`4` primes up to :math:`10`:

::

    sage: primes_first_n(5)
    [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
    sage: list(primes(1, 10))
    [2, 3, 5, 7]

Divisors
========

How do you compute the sum of the divisors of an integer in Sage?

Sage uses ``divisors(n)`` for the number (usually denoted
:math:`d(n)`) of divisors of :math:`n` and ``sigma(n,k)`` for the
sum of the :math:`k^{th}` powers of the divisors of :math:`n` (so
``divisors(n)`` and ``sigma(n,0)`` are the same). For example:

::

    sage: divisors(28); sum(divisors(28)); 2*28
    [1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28]
    56
    56
    sage: sigma(28,0); sigma(28,1); sigma(28,2)
    6
    56
    1050

.. index:: quadratic residues

Quadratic residues
==================

Try this:

::

    sage: Q = quadratic_residues(23); Q
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18]
    sage: N = [x for x in range(22) if kronecker(x,23)==-1]; N
    [5, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21]

Q is the set of quadratic residues mod 23 and N is the set of
non-residues.

Here is another way to construct these using the ``kronecker``
command (which is also called the "Legendre symbol"):

::

    sage: [x for x in range(22) if kronecker(x,23)==1]
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18]
    sage: [x for x in range(22) if kronecker(x,23)==-1]
    [5, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21]