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 % $OpenXM$  
   
   % $OpenXM: OpenXM/doc/issac2000/session-management.tex,v 1.4 2000/01/07 06:27:55 noro Exp $
   
   \section{Session Management}
   \label{secsession}
   %MEMO: key words:
   %Security (ssh PAM), initial negotiation of byte order,
   %mathcap, interruption, debugging window, etc.
   
   In this section we show the realization of control integration in
   OpenXM.  In OpenXM it is assumed that various clients and servers
   establish connections dynamically and communicate to each
   other. Therefore it is necessary to unify the communication interface
   and the method of communication establishment.  Besides, interruption
   of an execution and debugging are common operations when we use
   programming systems. OpenXM provides a method to realize them for
   distributed computation.
   
   \subsection{Interface of servers}
   
   A server has the following I/O streams at its startup. The numbers
   indicate stream descriptors.
   
   \begin{description}
   \item{\bf 1} standard output
   \item{\bf 2} standard error
   \item{\bf 3} input from a client
   \item{\bf 4} output to a client
   \end{description}
   
   A server reads data from the stream {\bf 3} and writes results to the
   stream {\bf 4}. The streams {\bf 1} and {\bf 2} are provided for
   diagnostic messages from the server.  As {\bf 3} and {\bf 4} are
   streams for binary data, the byte order conversion is necessary when a
   client and a server have different byte orders. Various
   methods are possible to treat it and we adopted the following scheme.
   
   \begin{itemize}
   \item A server writes 1 byte representing the preferable byte order.
   \item After reading the byte, a client writes 1 byte representing the
   preferable byte order.
   \item On each side, if the preference coincides with each other then
   the byte order is used. Otherwise the network byte order is used.
   \end{itemize}
   
   This implies that all servers and clients should be able to
   handle the network byte
   order. Nevertheless it is necessary to negotiate the byte order to
   skip the byte order conversion because its cost is often dominant over
   fast networks.
   
   \subsection{Invocation of servers}
   \label{launcher}
   
   In general it is complicated to establish a connection over TCP/IP.
   On the other hand a server itself does not have any function to
   make a connection. In order to fill this gap an application called
   {\bf launcher} is provided. A connection is established by using
   the launcher as follows.
   
   \begin{enumerate}
   \item A launcher is invoked from a client or by hand.
   When the launcher is invoked, a port number for TCP/IP connection
   and the name of a server should be informed.
   \item The launcher and the client establish a connection with the
   specified port number.
   \item The launcher create a process and execute the server after
   setting the streams {\bf 3} and {\bf 4} appropriately.
   An application to display messages written to the streams {\bf 1} and
   {\bf 2} may be invoked if necessary.
   \end{enumerate}
   
   Though the above is all the task as a launcher, the launcher process
   acts as a control server and controls the server process created by
   itself. As for a control server see Section \ref{control}.
   
   \subsection{Control server}
   \label{control}
   When we use a mathematical software, an execution time or necessary
   storage is often unknown in advance. Therefore it is desirable
   to be able to abort an execution and to start another execution.
   On a usual session on UNIX it is done by an interruption from a keyboard.
   Internally it is realized by an exception processing initiated by
   a {\bf signal}, but it is not easy to send a signal to a server.
   Especially if a server and a client run on different machines,
   the client cannot send a signal to the server directly.
   Though Some operating systems provide facilities to attach
   signals such as {\tt SIGIO} and {\tt SIGURG} to a stream data, they are
   system dependent and lack robustness.
   On OpenXM we adopted the following simple and robust method.
   
   An OpenXM server has logically two I/O channels: one for exchanging
   data for computations and the other for controlling computations. The
   control channel is used to send commands to control execution on the
   server. There are several ways of implementing the control channel.
   Among them it is common to use the launcher introduced in Section
   \ref{launcher} as a control process. We call such a process a {\bf
   control server}. In contrast, we call a server for computation an {\bf
   engine}. In this case the control server and the engine runs on the
   same machine and it is easy to manipulate the engine, especially to
   send a signal from the control server. A control server is also an
   OpenXM stackmachine and the following {\tt SM} commands are provided.
   
   \begin{description}
   \item {\tt SM\_control\_reset\_connection}
   It requests a control server to send the {\tt SIGUSR1} signal.
   
   \item {\tt SM\_control\_kill}
   It requests a control server to terminate an engine.
   
   \item {\tt SM\_control\_intr}
   It requests a control server to send the {\tt SIGINT} signal.
   \end{description}
   
   \subsection{Resetting a connection}
   
   By using the control channel a client can send a signal to an engine
   at any time. However, I/O operations are usually buffered and several
   additional operations on buffers after sending a signal is necessary
   to reset connections safely. Here a safe resetting means the
   following:
   
   \begin{enumerate}
   \item A sending of an {\tt OX} message must be completed.
   
   As an {\tt OX} message is sent as a combination of several {\tt CMO}
   data, a global exit without sending all the data confuses the
   subsequent communication.
   
   \item After restarting a server, a request from a client
   must correctly corresponds to the response from the server.
   
   An incorrect correspondence occurs if some data remain on the stream
   after restarting a server.
   \end{enumerate}
   
   {\tt SM\_control\_reset\_connection} is an {\tt SM} command to
   initiate a safe resetting of a connection. We show the action of
   a server and a client from the initiation to the completion of
   a resetting.
   
   \noindent
   \fbox{client}
   
   \begin{enumerate}
   \item The client sends {\tt SM\_control\_reset\_connection} to the
   control server.
   \item The client enters the resetting state. it skips all {\tt
   OX} messages from the engine until it receives {\tt OX\_SYNC\_BALL}.
   \item After receiving {\tt OX\_SYNC\_BALL} the client sends
   {\tt OX\_SYNC\_BALL} to the engine and returns to the usual state.
   \end{enumerate}
   
   \noindent
   \fbox{engine}
   
   \begin{enumerate}
   \item After receiving {\tt SIGUSR1} from the control server,
   the engine enters the resetting state.
   \item If an {\tt OX} message is being sent or received, then
   the engine completes it. This does not block because
   the client reads and skips {\tt OX} messages soon after sending
   {\tt SM\_control\_reset\_connection}.
   \item The engine sends {\tt OX\_SYNC\_BALL} to the client.
   \item The engine skips all {\tt OX} messages from the engine until it
   receives {\tt OX\_SYNC\_BALL}.
   \item After receiving {\tt OX\_SYNC\_BALL} the engine returns to the
   usual state.
   \end{enumerate}
   
   {\tt OX\_SYNC\_BALL} means an end mark of the data remaining in the
   I/O streams. After reading it it is assured that the stream is empty
   and that a request from a client correctly corresponds to the response
   from the server.  For a safe resetting, it is important that the
   following actions are executed always in that order.
   
   \begin{enumerate}
   \item A signal is sent to an engine by a request from a client.
   \item The engine sends {\tt OX\_SYNC\_BALL} to the client.
   \item The client sends {\tt OX\_SYNC\_BALL} to the engine after
   receiving {\tt OX\_SYNC\_BALL}.
   \end{enumerate}
   
   This assures that the peer is in the resetting state when one receives
   {\tt OX\_SYNC\_BALL}. By this fact we don't have to associate it with
   any special action to be executed by the server. Especially it can be
   ignored if processes are in the usual state. If the above order is not
   preserved, then both {\tt SM\_control\_reset\_connection} and {\tt
   OX\_SYNC\_BALL} must initiate an engine into entering the resetting
   state, and it makes the resetting scheme complicated and it may
   introduce unexpected bugs. For example, if a client sends {\tt
   OX\_SYNC\_BALL} without waiting {\tt OX\_SYNC\_BALL} from the engine,
   then it is possible that the engine receives it before the arrival of
   the signal. We note that we really encountered serious bugs caused
   by such an inappropriate protocol before reaching the final specification.
   
   \subsection{Debugging supports}
   An OpenXM server may allow definition and execution of functions
   written in the user language proper to the server.  To help debugging
   such functions on the server, various supports are possible. If
   servers are executed on X window system, then the control server can
   attach an {\tt xterm} to the standard outputs of the engine, which
   makes it possible to display messages from the engine. Furthermore, if
   the engine provides an interface to input commands which directly
   controls the engine, then debugging of user define programs will be
   possible. For example {\tt Risa/Asir} provides a function {\tt
   debug()} to debug user defined functions. {\tt ox\_asir}, which is
   the OpenXM server of {\tt Risa/Asir}, pops up a window to input
   debug commands when {\tt debug()} is executed on the server.
   As the responses to the commands are displayed on the {\tt xterm},
   the debugging similar to that on usual terminals is possible.
   Moreover one can send {\tt SIGINT} by using {\tt SM\_control\_intr}
   and it provides a similar functionality to entering the debugging
   mode from a keyboard interruption.
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